what is need to be check before purchase Battery

 

About Battery and their Types

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What is safety hazard constituted in the battery?

Sulphuric Acid: Corrosive, causes severe skin burns, and can cause blindness.

Lead: Causes nerve and kidney damage, suspected carcinogen  

 

What is Battery?

A cell or connected group of cells that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by reversible chemical reactions and that may be recharged by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to that of its discharge -- called also storage cell.

Why batteries are used?

In most of the portable electronics, AC can’t be stored where as DC can be stored without any difficulty. Even the losses due to AC power are more when compared to the DC power. That is the reason DC is preferred for portable electronic devices.

What is Cell and batteries?

Cell: A cell is an energy source which can deliver only DC voltage and current which are in very small quantities. For example if we take cells that we use in watches or remote controls, it can give maximum of 1.5 – 3V.

Battery: The functionality of the battery is exactly same as that of a cell but a battery is a pack of cells arranged is a series/parallel fashion so that the voltage can be raised to desired levels. The best known example for a battery is a power bank which is used to charge up smart phones. If we ever see the inside of a power bank we can find set of batteries arranged serially/parallel based on the requirement. Batteries are arranged in series to increase the voltage and in parallel to increase the current.

 

What are the types of Batteries?

There are basically two type of battery available in market

Ø  A primary cell cannot be recharged because the internal chemical reaction cannot be restored.

 Example                     

1.    Carbon-zinc dry cells.

2.    Alkaline cells.

3.    Zinc chloride cells.

4.    Mercury cells.

5.    Silver oxide cells.

Ø  Carbon-Zinc Dry Cell

o   This is one of the most popular primary cells (often used for type AAA, AA, C, D).

o   The negative electrode is made of zinc.

o   The positive electrode is made of carbon.

o   The output voltage of a single cell is about 1.5 V.

o   Performance of the cell is better with intermittent operation

Ø  Zinc Chloride Cells

o   This cell is also referred to as a “heavy-duty” type battery.

o   It is a modified zinc-carbon cell.

o   It has little chance of liquid leakage because the cell consumes water along with the chemically active materials. The cell is usually dry at the end of its useful life.

Ø  Mercury Cells:

o   This cell consists of a zinc anode, mercury compound cathode, and potassium or sodium hydroxide electrolyte.

o   It is becoming obsolete due to the hazards associated with proper disposal of mercury.

Ø  Silver Oxide Cells:

o   This cell consists of a zinc anode, silver oxide cathode, and potassium or sodium hydroxide electrolyte.

o   It is typically available as 1.5V, miniature button form.

o   Applications include hearing aids, cameras, and watches

Ø  Lithium Cells:

o   This cell offers high output voltage, long shelf life, low weight, and small volume.

o   It comes in two forms of 3V output in widespread use:

o   Lithium-sulfur dioxide (LiSO2).

o   Lithium-thionyl chloride.

o   LiSO₂-type batteries contain methyl cyanide liquid solvent; if its container is punctured or cracked, it can release toxic vapors.

 

A secondary cell, or storage cell, can be recharged because its chemical reaction is reversible. Example nickel-cadmium (NiCd), lead acid, and lithium ion batteries. Fuel cells are similar to batteries in that they generate an electrical current, but require continuous addition of fuel and oxidizer.

The following are the major secondary cell battery used in Industry and Domestic purpose

1)    Lithium-ion Battery:
Description and optimal use	A lithium-ion battery is a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging., The most common energy storage technology for all uses overall today. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries can be used for solar energy storage.
Size	Smaller and lighter than lead-acid batteries due to higher storage capacity. Home battery system typically the size of one or two washing machines or small refrigerators.
Charging time	Varies substantially dependent on several factors. Expect three hours or longer to fully charge.
Lifespan	High-quality battery can last up to 10 years.
Cycling	Varies significantly by several factors including capacity withdrawn. 5,000 to 7,000 cycles possible for quality battery.
Maintenance	Maintenance-free. Solid, no water filling or refilling required.
Temperature sensitivity	Yes. Higher temperatures can cause performance degradation.
Safety	Despite reports of fires and explosions in the media, lithium-ion batteries are relatively safe when used properly.
Cost	Expensive, often twice that of lead-acid batteries. High upfront costs offset by long-term cost-effectiveness.
Green factor	Depends. Some use organic materials that are toxin-free. Inorganic lithium-ion, however, is toxic and must be carefully disposed of.

 

2)    Gelled Electrolyte Sealed Lead-Acid or valve-regulated lead/acid (VRLA) known as a sealed lead acid (SLA) , SMF (Sealed Maintenance Free) batteries
Description and optimal use	The development of new ranges of valve-regulated lead/acid (VRLA) batteries for stationary and traction applications is described. These batteries are gas recombining and use gelled electrolyte, tubular positive plates cast in lead-calcium-tin alloys and a specially-designed pressure relief valve., There are three primary types of VRLA batteries, Sealed VR wet cell[citation needed], AGM and Gel. Gel cells add silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick putty-like gel. These are sometimes referred to as "silicone batteries". AGM (absorbed glass mat) batteries feature fiber glass mesh between the battery plates which serves to contain the electrolyte Optimal for most deep cycle applications.
Size	Varies by capacity, but not unlike a marine or auto battery. Home bank will consist of several batteries.
Charging time	A few to several hours depending on a variety of factors.
Lifespan	Eight years if properly maintained and DoD of less than 20%. In most cases, expect a battery life of two to five years.
Cycling	Varies significantly by capacity withdrawn. 1100 cycles at 50% withdrawn capacity.
Maintenance	Maintenance-free.
Temperature sensitivity	Yes. Lower temperatures reduce battery capacity. Higher temperatures increase capacity, but degrade battery life for all types of lead-acid batteries.
Safety	Contains toxic and corrosive lead and sulfuric acid. Gaseous hydrogen may cause explosion. Caution must be taken when recharging.
Cost	Slightly more expensive than a similar capacity AGM battery.
Green factor	Low. Lead-acid batteries are toxic, although components may be recycled.

 

  

3)    Sealed Absorbed Glass Mat Lead-Acid (AGM)
Description and optimal use	AGM technology became popular in the early 1980s as a sealed lead acid battery for military aircraft, vehicles and UPS to reduce weight and improve reliability. The sulfuric acid is absorbed by a very fine fiberglass mat, making the battery spill-proof. This enables shipment without hazardous material restrictions. The plates can be made flat to resemble a standard flooded lead acid pack in a rectangular case; they can also be wound into a cylindrical cell. Sealed lead-acid battery in which the electrolyte is held in thin glass mats instead of freely flooding the plates. Best suited for standby applications with infrequent deep discharges, but technology is improving for DoD uses.
Size	Similar to flooded lead-acid and gel cell batteries.
Charging time	Up to five times faster than flooded battery technology.
Lifespan	Eight years if properly maintained and DoD of less than 20%. A good estimation is four to seven years.
Cycling	Varies significantly by capacity withdrawn. Expect approximately 700 to 800 cycles under normal use.
Maintenance	Maintenance-free.
Temperature sensitivity	Yes. Lower temperatures reduce battery capacity. Higher temperatures increase capacity, but degrade battery life for all types of lead-acid batteries.
Safety	Contains toxic and corrosive lead and sulfuric acid. Gaseous hydrogen may cause explosion. Caution must be taken when recharging.
Cost	Significantly lower upfront cost than lithium-ion and cheaper than gel cell, but more expensive than flooded lead-acid batteries.
Green factor	Low. Lead-acid batteries are toxic, although components may be recycled.

 

  

4)    Flooded Lead-Acid
Description and optimal use	They are the most cost effective and longest lasting of the lead-acid batteries. Flooded lead-acid batteries contain an electrolyte that is free to move around in the battery encasement. When charged, the battery acid and lead plates react to store electricity   “Wet cell” battery filled with electrolyte. Optimal for medium to high-capacity off-grid use.
Size	Not unlike auto batteries in size, but a full bank of batteries can be space-consuming.
Charging time	Varies greatly due to many factors. May take several hours to a day, or longer, for 100% charge.
Lifespan	Depends on many factors including cycling. Well-maintained flooded lead-acid batteries can last up to 15 years or more, but four to eight years is more likely.
Cycling	Depends heavily on depth of discharge (DoD) over the course of the battery life. Expect 200 to 300 discharge/charge cycles.
Maintenance	Requires regular maintenance including adding water, cleaning terminals and venting.
Temperature sensitivity	Yes. Lower temperatures reduce battery capacity. Higher temperatures increase capacity, but degrade battery life for all types of lead-acid batteries.
Safety	Contains toxic and corrosive lead and sulfuric acid. Caution must be taken when refilling and recharging. Gaseous hydrogen may cause explosion.
Cost	Cheapest upfront cost of all types for solar PV applications.
Green factor	Low. Lead-acid batteries are toxic and flooded lead cell types can leak.

 

5)    Flow battery
Description and optimal use	A flow battery is one in which two liquids, separated by a membrane and circulated in order to enable ion exchange between them. ... One such example is the vanadium redox battery (VRB) that utilizes vanadium-based electrolytes.   Consists of reaction stacks separated by electrolytes held in storage tanks. Optimal for storing large amounts of power.
Size	Varies. Can be very large.
Charging time	“Recharges” by replacing the electrolyte, similar to filling an auto gas tank.
Lifespan	Long lifespan. 25 years or more for vanadium redox batteries. Can be charged and discharged without lifespan impact.
Cycling	No cycling limitations.
Maintenance	Low maintenance.
Temperature sensitivity	Yes.
Safety	Inherently safe. Electrolyte can’t get hot or catch fire.
Cost	Expensive, although advances in organic aqueous technology may lead to substantially lower costs going forward.
Green factor	Good. Long life cycle, high availability of required resources and good recycling ability.

 

Technical terms used while dealing with batteries

We can’t just keep on using voltage and current alone to explain about a battery’s functionality, there are some unique terms that defines the characteristics of a battery like Watt-hour (mAh), C-rating, nominal voltage, charging voltage, charging current, discharging current, cut off voltage, shelf life, cycle life are the few terms used to define a batteries performance

 

Power capacity:

Is how much energy is stored in the battery. This power is often expressed in Watt-hours (the symbol Wh). A Watt-hour is the voltage (V) that the battery provides multiplied by how much current (Amps) the battery can provide for some amount of time (generally in hours).

Watt-hour = V * I * hours {since voltage is kept constant, so it is measured in Ah/mAh}

 

 

Power capability:

It means the amount of current that the battery can deliver. It is also known as C-rating.

Theoretically, it is calculated as A-h divided by 1 hour.

 

Example: Let’s consider a battery which has 10000 mAh of power capacity.

After dividing 10000 mA hour/1 hour gives 10000 mA = 10 A = 10 C

 

Nominal voltage:

The average voltage a cell outputs when charged. The nominal voltage of a battery depends on the chemical reaction behind it. A lead-acid car battery will output 12V. ... The key word here is "nominal", the actual measured voltage on a battery will decrease as it discharges.

While defining power capacity we have a unit called Wh which can be elaborated as V * I * hour 

Charging current:

As we know that charging current should be 10% of the Ah rating of battery. Therefore, Charging current for 120Ah Battery = 120 Ah x (10/100) = 12 Amperes. But due to some losses, we may take 12-14 Amperes for batteries charging purpose instead of 12 Amp

 

Charging Voltage:

The typical charging voltage is between 2.15 volts per cell (12.9 volts for a 12V 6 cell battery) and 2.35 volts per cell (14.1 volts for a 12V 6 cell battery). These voltages are appropriate to apply to a fully charged battery without overcharging or damage.

Discharging current:

It is the current that can be drawn from the battery and is delivered to the load. If the current drawn by the load is greater than the rated discharging current, the battery drains very fast which causes the battery heat up quickly which also causes the battery to explode. So it is cautious to determine the amount of current drawn by the load as well as the maximum discharging current a battery can withhold.

The discharge current, in amps (A), is expressed as a fraction of the numerical value of C. Typical tubular positive lead-acid cell behaviour at various discharge currents. For example, 0.2 C means C/5 A, and discharging will take approximately 5 hours. If C = 40 Ah, a current of 4 A can be expressed as 0.1 C.

Battery shelf life is the length of time a battery can remains in storage without losing its capacity. Even when not in use, batteries age. The battery's aging is generally affected by three factors: the active chemicals present in the cells, the storage temperature and the length of time it remains idle

Cut-off voltage: In electronics, the cut-off voltage is the voltage at which a battery is considered fully discharged, beyond which further discharge could cause harm. Some electronic devices, such as cell phones, will automatically shut down when the cut-off voltage has been reached.

 

Cycle life:  Each round of full discharge and then full recharge is called battery cycle life. A battery's cycle life can range from 500 to 1200. That means a life cycle of 18 months to 3 years for a typical battery. ... Your battery could still go a further 700-1000 cycles till it reaches the end of its life.

The more the cycle life the better will be the battery’s quality. But if a battery is discharged to say 40% of its actual capacity considering the battery is fully charged initially, it cannot be considered as a cycle life.

Power density: It defines power capacity of battery for a given mass of volume.

For example 100 Wh/Kg (Alkaline battery standard power density) implies that for 1 Kg of chemical composition it provides 100 Wh of power capacity.

Now, volume of a AAA alkaline battery is 11.5 grams. So if 1Kg can give 100 Wh capacity, then how much a 11.5 gram AAA batery can give??  Let’s calculate.

Wh (for 11.5 gm) = 100*11.5/1000 = 1.15 Wh

 

Temperature:

Battery performance is almost always affected by its storage temperature: the higher the temperature, the higher its capacity or performance. Spec sheets may list an operating temperature range or offer a temperature/capacity percentage graph.

 

Ohm: Ohms refer to the electrical resistance. The higher the ohms, the harder it is for electrical current to flow.

Volt: Voltage refers to the potential of energy movement. A volt is a unit measurement of the amount of force with which electricity is “pushed” between two points along a conductor. Think of voltage like the water pressure in a garden hose. The water pressure can remain in the hose whether it is coming out one end or not.

Watt: A watt is the standard unit of measurement of electrical power or, in other words, the unit measurement of the amount of work that can be completed. One watt equals one amp of current flowing at one volt.

Amp: Amps refer to the actual amount of energy passing through a conductor and pulled out for use. If a volt is like the water pressure in a garden hose, an amp is the water itself.

 The relationship between watts, volts and amps works like this:

 

Watts = Volts x Amps OR

Volts = Amps/Watts OR

Amps = Watts/Volts

Conclusion:

1) While selection battery first check the safety precautions

2) Calculate the power consumption in watts and backup required time

3) Based on back up time select the capacity of battery in AH

4) Select the type of battery whether lithium ion or Lead acid battery

5) Check the battery brand also

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